滴灌条件下水土温度对覆砂土壤水热运移影响的数值模拟

为探究滴灌条件下水温与土温对覆砂土壤水热运移规律的影响,基于HYDRUS-2D构建了不同水土温度土壤水热运移数值模型,模拟分析了不同水土温度对覆砂土壤水分、温度动态变化的影响。结果表明:灌溉水温对土壤水热分布影响显著,随着温度升高,土壤湿润体内含水率减小,表现为35℃水温20℃水温5℃水温,灌溉水温对土壤剖面温度分布也有较大影响,表层0—15 cm范围内温度变化了5～10℃。相同水温条件下,随着土壤温度升高,土壤饱和导水率增大,湿润土体内体积含水率减小,表现为30℃土壤温度15℃土壤温度5℃土壤温度。滴灌水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离随温度升高而增大,湿润锋运移距离与时间符合幂函数F=at~b,决定系数R~2介于0.977 4～0.999 6,并建立了水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间和温度的关系模型。以期为西北干旱地区砂石覆盖生态农业的合理补灌提供理论指导。     

水力侵蚀对砒砂岩区土壤有机碳空间变异性的影响

以侵蚀剧烈的砒砂岩区为研究对象，应用地统计学Kriging插值法准确描述水力侵蚀下土壤有机碳空间动态迁移过程来探究侵蚀与碳平衡的关系并为有效治理砒砂岩区坡面水土流失提供科学的参考。结果表明：（1）降雨前后各土层有机碳均随着土层增加而减少，表现为中等变异、空间自相关均为正相关且0—10 cm土层自相关性最大。降雨后0—20 cm土层有机碳含量减少而20—40 cm土层增加，且各土层变异程度均较雨前减弱。（2）降雨前后土壤有机碳分别与高斯模型，球状模型较为拟合，且变程值均随土层增加而增大。降雨前后0—10 cm土层表现均为强烈空间相关性且雨后结构比增大，而10—40 cm均为中等相关性雨后结构比减小。（3）降雨后空间异质性减弱斑块面积变大，总体表现为同一土层坡上侵蚀坡下沉积，而不同土层下0—20 cm土层表现为侵蚀，20—40 cm土层表现为沉积。（4）降雨前后土壤有机碳均与黏粒呈现较显著正相关，其中降雨前0—10 cm土层有机碳与黏粒为极显著正相关，降雨后各土层相关性增强均为极显著正相关。但降雨前后土壤有机碳与粉粒相关性均较小且不显著，与砂粒则基本表现为负相关。     

中国农耕区土壤有机质含量及其与酸碱度和容重关系

对我国农耕区土壤有机质区域变化及其与酸碱度和容重关系进行系统分析，为耕地地力提升和改善土壤结构提供支撑。基于国家级耕地长期定位监测点913个，统计分析全国及7大区域（东北NE、华北NC、西北NW、长江中游MYR、长三角YRD、华南SC、西南SW）耕层土壤有机质含量、酸碱度及容重变化特征。结果表明，全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量平均值为22.4~24.8 g/kg。其中有机质含量中等偏低的监测点位占比达72.5%。不同区域耕层土壤有机质含量差异显著（p<0.05），MYR耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于其他6个区域。全国农耕区耕层土壤pH和容重平均分别为（6.90±1.20），（1.30±0.15） g/cm³。不同土壤利用方式对土壤有机质、酸碱度及容重产生影响。水田耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于旱地，旱地耕层土壤pH和容重则显著高于水田。亚当斯方程和指数函数分别推荐拟合土壤容重对有机质含量响应关系（R²=0.09，RMSE=0.17，n=759），以及土壤pH对土壤有机质含量响应（R²=0.16，RMSE=1.24，n=886）。全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量总体中等偏低，呈现出东南向西北依次降低趋势。土壤pH及容重与土壤有机质呈现显著的负相关关系。亚当斯模型及指数方程能较好地拟合土壤容重及pH对有机质的响应关系，可用于非线性插值法补充土壤容重及pH缺失值。     

有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳的影响

通过研究不同有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳含量变化的影响，寻找合理高效的增碳方式，降低碱化土壤有机碳损失。以内蒙古河套灌区轻度、中度盐碱土为对象进行田间试验，设置生物炭（BC）添加、羊粪（GM）添加，对照（CK）3个处理，对比和分析不同有机物料添加后土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明：（1）与CK相比，轻度碱化土壤BC、GM处理土壤DOC含量分别增加3.28%，20.66%，SOC含量增加5.40%，10.30%，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下可溶性碳增加41.32%，74.10%，土壤SOC含量增加60.24%，79.16%；（2）轻度碱化土壤BC和GM处理土壤DOC含量与SOC含量呈负相关，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下呈正相关；（3）盐碱土壤SOC、DOC含量主要与土壤pH、电导率的变化有关；BC处理较GM处理相比土壤电导率低约1.93%~29.15%，而GM处理土壤pH、碱化度比BC处理低0.31%~1.53%，7.10%~24.63%。总体来看，有机物料添加后均能使土壤中SOC、DOC含量提高，不同程度地降低土壤碱化程度，且羊粪添加较生物炭略好，因此羊粪添加对河套灌区碱化土壤碳含量的提高比生物炭添加更有效，土壤改良效果更好，土壤理化性质改善更明显。     

Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.